RAII: Tragedy in three acts

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 1st of April 2023

In a recent Computerphile video, Ian Knight talked about RAII idiom and it’s application in C++ and Rust. While the video described the general concepts, I felt different examples could be more clearly convey essence of the topic.

I’ve decided to give my own explanation to hopefully better illustrate what RAII is and how it relates to Rust’s ownership. Then again, for whatever reason I’ve decided to write it as a play with dialogue in faux Old English so it may well be even more confusing instead.

Monospace considered harmful

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 19th of March 2023

No, I haven’t gone completely mad yet and still, I write this as an appeal to stop using monospaced fonts for code (conditions may apply). While fixed-width fonts have undeniable benefits when authoring software, their use is excessive and even detrimental in certain contexts. Specifically, when displaying inline code within a paragraph of text, proportional fonts are a better choice.

Chronological order of The Witcher

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 11th of December 2022

Ever since Witcher games took off the franchise skyrocketed in popularity. Books, comics, TV show, games, more comics, another TV show… The story of Geralt and his marry company has been told in so many ways that it’s becoming a wee bit hard to keep track of chronology of all the events; especially across different forms of media.

In this article I’ve collected all official Witcher works ordering them in chronological order. To avoid any confusion, let me state up front that if you’re new to the franchise or haven’t read the books yet this list might not be for you. If you’re looking for the order to read the books in, I’ve prepared a separate article which describes that.

Skip right to the chronology

URLs with // at the beginning

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 4th of December 2022

A quick reminder that relative URLs can start with a double slash and that this means something different than a single slash at the beginning. Specifically, such relative addresses are resolved by taking the schema (and only the schema) of the website they are on.

For example, the code for the link to my repositories in the site’s header is <a href="//github.com/mina86">Code</a>. Since this page uses https schema, browsers will navigate to https://github.com/mina86 if the link is activated.

This little trick can save you some typing, but more importantly, if you’re developing a URL parsing code or a crawler, make sure that it handles this case correctly. It may seem like a small detail, but it can have a lasting impact on the functionality of your code.

Secret command Google doesn’t want you to know

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 20th of November 2022

Or how to change language of Google website.

If you’ve travelled abroad, you may have noticed that Google tries to be helpful and uses the language of the region you’re in on its websites. It doesn’t matter if your operating system is set to Spanish, for example; Google Search will still use Portuguese if you happen to be in Brazil.

Fortunately, there’s a simple way to force Google to use a specific language. All you need to do is append ?hl=lang to the website’s address, replacing lang with a two-letter code for the desired language. For instance, ?hl=es for Spanish, ?hl=ht for Haitian, or ?hl=uk for Ukrainian.

If the URL already contains a question mark, you need to append &hl=lang instead. Additionally, if it contains a hash symbol, you need to insert the string immediately before the hash symbol. For example:

  • https://www.google.com/?hl=es
  • https://www.google.com/search?q=bread+sandwich&hl=es
  • https://analytics.google.com/analytics/web/?hl=es#/report-home/

By the way, as a legacy of Facebook having hired many ex-Google employees, the parameter also work on some of the Facebook properties.

Reading order of The Witcher

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 31st of July 2022

Without beating around the bush, the reading order for the Witcher books is as follows:

1.The Last WishShort
stories
2.Sword of Destiny
3.Blood of ElvesThe Witcher Saga
4.Time of Contempt
5.Baptism of Fire
6.The Tower of the Swallow
7.The Lady of the Lake
8.Season of Storms

Curious case of missing π

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 28th of June 2022

π is one of those constants which pops up when least expected. At the same time it’s sometimes missing when most needed. For example, consider the following application calculating area of a disk (not to be confused with area of a circle which is zero):

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
	for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
		const double r = atof(argv[i]);
		printf("%f\n", M_PI * r * r);
	}
}

It uses features introduced in the 1999 edition of the C standard (often referred to as C99) so it might be good to inform the compiler of that fact with a -std=c99 flag. Unfortunately, doing so leads to an error:

$ gcc -std=c99 -o area area.c
area.c: In function ‘main’:
area.c:8:18: error: ‘M_PI’ undeclared (first use in this function)
    8 |   printf("%f\n", M_PI * r * r);
      |                  ^~~~

What’s going on? Shouldn’t math.h provide the definition of M_PI symbol? It’s what the specification claims after all. ‘glibc is broken’ some may even proclaim. In this article I’ll explain why the compiler conspire with the standard library to behave this way and why it’s the only valid thing it can do.

Pro tip: You can put URLs in C & C++ code

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 1st of April 2022

Documenting source code is important part of software engineering. Code is read more often than it’s written making it crucial to provide enough context for reader to understand what the implementation is doing. This can come in the form of links to external resources providing description of an algorithm, reference for an API or historic context justifying the code.

As it turns out, C and C++ languages offer a little-known feature which allows URLs to be included directly in the function source code. For example:

static float rsqrt(float x) {
	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_inverse_square_root
	static_assert(std::numeric_limits<float>::is_iec559);
	auto i = std::bit_cast<uint32_t>(x) >> 1;
	auto y = std::bit_cast<float>(UINT32_C(0x5F375A86) - i);
	y *= 1.5f - x * 0.5F * y * y;
	return y;
}

Primes ≤ 100 in Rust

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 20th of June 2021

In a past life I’ve talked about a challenge to write the shortest program which prints all prime numbers less than a hundred. Back then I’ve discussed a 60-character long solution written in C. Since Rust is the future, inspired by a recent thread on Sieve of Eratosthenes I’ve decided to carry the task for Rust as well.

To avoid spoiling the solution, I’m padding this article with a bit of unrelated content. To jump straight to the code, skip the next block of paragraphs. Otherwise, here’s a joke for ya:

How do balanced audio cables work

Posted by Michał ‘mina86’ Nazarewicz on 13th of June 2021

Have you ever wondered how balanced audio cables work? For the longest time I have until finally deciding to look into it. Turns out the principle is actually rather straightforward.

In a normal, unbalanced wire an analogue signal S is sent over a pair of wires: one carries the signal while the other a reference zero. Receiver interprets voltage between the two as the signal. The issue is that over the length of a cable noise is introduced. While transmitter sends S, receiver gets S + e (where e denotes the noise).

TransmitterReceivernoise
Illustration of transmission of an analogue signal over a balanced cable. For brevity the diagram missuses symbols from digital signal processing and should not be taken as a technically correct representation.

A balanced cable addresses this problem by sending the information over three wires: hot (or positive), cold (or negative) and ground. Hot wire carries the signal S as before, cold one carries the inverse of the signal -S and ground is zero as before. Like before, when information travels over the cable, noise is introduced. Crucially, because it’s a single cable, noise on the positive and negative wires are strongly correlated. Receiver therefore gets S + e on hot wire and -S + e on cold wire. All it needs to do is inverse the signal on negative wire and add both signals together. Inversion changes phase of the noises on the cold wire such that it cancels out error remaining on the positive wire: (S + e) + -(-S + e) = S + e + S - e → S.