Solana transactions are limited to 1232 bytes which was too restrictive when I was implementing Solana IBC bridge while working at Composable Foundation. The smart contract had to be able to ingest signed Tendermint block headers which were a few kilobytes in size.

To overcome this obstacle, I’ve used what I came to call chunking. By sending the instruction data in multiple transactions (similarly to the way Solana programs are deployed), the Solana IBC smart contract is capable of working on arbitrarily-large instructions. This article describes how this process works and how to incorporate it with other smart contracts (including those using the Anchor framework).

In September 2022, ‘Théâtre D’opéra Spatial’, a work submitted by Jason Allen, won Colorado State Fair’s annual fine art competition in the digital art category. What made the success noteworthy was that the image had been AI-generated. Mr Allen eventually tried to register the work with the US Copyright Office but his attempts turned out fruitless. In September 2023 the Office refused his registration.

I didn’t think much of it at the time. I wasn’t that invested in the consideration of what kind of ‘two-dimensional artworks’ are protected by copyright and, more notably, I somewhat agreed with the decision. Perhaps the prompt was protected, but if only minor manual edits were made to the image, it felt like a stretch to say the image as a whole could be covered by copyright law.

* available in Rust nightly.

There are several aspects of Rust that I’m not particularly fond of but the one that takes the cake is core::io::BorrowedBuf which I despise with passion. It’s a nightly feature which puts in question my extreme emotions about it. On the other hand it means there’s time to stop it from getting stabilised and figure out something better.

In this article I’ll describe the problem the feature addresses, the issues I have with the solution and describe some alternatives. As it turns out, things aren’t as easy as they seem on the first look.

In 2023 UniSuper, an Australian retirement fund, decided to migrate part of its operations to Google Cloud. As port of the migration, they needed to create virtual machines provisioned with limits higher than what Google’s user interface allowed to set. To achieve their goals, UniSuper contacted Google support. Having access to internal tools, Google engineer was able to create requested instances.

Fast forward to May 2024. UniSuper members lose access to their accounts. The fund blames Google. Some people are sceptical, but eventually UniSuper and Google Cloud publish a joint statement which points at ‘a misconfiguration during provisioning’ as cause of the outage. Later, a postmortem of the incident sheds even more light on events which have transpired.

Turns out that back in 2023, Google engineer used a command line tool to manually create cloud instances according to UniSuper’s requirements. Among various options, said tool had a switch setting cloud instance’s term. The engineer omitted it leading to the instance being created with a fixed term which triggered automatic deletion a year later.

So, human error. Scold the engineer and case closed. Or is it?

So far I have been lucky in my professional life. I have never had any conflicts with my employers and for the most part maintained good rapport with coworkers and managers alike. Alas, my luck has finally run out.

Long story short, I left Composable Foundation in October and I am still waiting for my final paycheck. TL;DR: If you are doing business with them make sure you are paid in advance.

cd is a straightforward command. As per the name, it changes the directory and does its job perfectly well. But what if it could do more? One scenario is wanting to execute a command inside a specific location without affecting the current working directory (CWD). This article introduces a cd replacement which offers that feature as well as provides more ways to specify the target directory.

It is important to note that it’s not intended for scripting. Rather, it’s only meant for interactive use where it streamlines some operations.

Some people struggle to understand the distinctions between ‘free software’ and ‘open source software.’ Let’s clear up the confusion with an analogy.

Imagine a world without vegetarianism. One day, someone proposes a new diet called ‘moral eating,’ which excludes meat for ethical reasons. Some people embrace it, and discover additional benefits like reduced environmental impact. However, advocates observe that implying people not adhering to the diet are immoral isn’t the best recruitment strategy. They coin the term ‘sustainable eating’ to focus on the environmental advantages.

But now people get bogged down in philosophical debates. If one uses the term ‘moral eating’ some assume they don’t care about the environment; on the other hand, if one says ‘sustainable eating’ some assume they don’t care about animals. To avoid this an all-encompassing acronym MSE (Moral and Sustainable Eating) is created. It signifies the same thing — no meat — but avoids getting entangled in justifications.

And so we end up with three distinct terms — moral eating, sustainable eating and MSE — which all refer to the same diat. What we call vegetarianism.

TL;DR: When implementing Display trait for a wrapper type, use self.0.fmt(fmtr) rather than invoking write! macro. See The proper way section below.

No, I haven’t gone completely mad yet and still, I write this as an appeal to stop using monospaced fonts for code (conditions may apply). While fixed-width fonts have undeniable benefits when authoring software, their use is excessive and even detrimental in certain contexts. Specifically, when displaying inline code within a paragraph of text, proportional fonts are a better choice.

Last updated in April 2025. See updates below for a full list of changes.

Ever since Witcher games took off the franchise skyrocketed in popularity. Books, comics, TV show, games, more comics, another TV show… The story of Geralt and his marry company has been told in so many ways that it’s becoming a wee bit hard to keep track of chronology of all the events; especially across different forms of media.

In this article I’ve collected all official Witcher works ordering them in chronological order. To avoid any confusion, let me state up front that if you’re new to the franchise or haven’t read the books yet this list might not be for you. If you’re looking for the order to read the books in, I’ve prepared a separate article which describes that.

Skip right to the chronology