Every now and again I need to name an operand or result of an arithmetic operation. It usually takes me embarrassingly long to look that information up. To save time in the future, here’s the list: $$ \begin{align} \left. \begin{matrix} \text{augend} + \text{addend}^† \\ \text{summand} + \text{summand} \\ \text{term} + \text{term} \end{matrix} \right\} & = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \text{sum} \\ \text{total} \end{matrix} \right. \\[.5em] \text{minuend} - \text{subtrahend} & = \text{difference} \\[.5em] \left. \begin{matrix} \text{multiplier} × \text{multiplicand} \\ \text{factor} × \text{factor} \\ \end{matrix} \right\} & = \text{product} \\[.5em] \left. \begin{matrix} \text{dividend} ÷ \text{divisor} \\ {\text{numerator}\over\text{denominator}} \end{matrix} \right\} & = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \text{ratio} \\ \text{fraction} \\ \text{quotient}^‡ + \text{remainder} \end{matrix} \right. \\[.5em] \text{base}^{\text{exponent}} & = \text{power} \\[.5em] \sqrt[\text{degree}]{\text{radicand}} & = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \text{root} \\ \text{radical} \end{matrix} \right. \\[.5em] \log_\text{base}(\text{anti-logarithm}) & = \text{logarithm} \end{align} $$

† Occasionally used to mean any operand of addition.
‡ Occasionally used to mean the fraction itself rather than only the integer part.

List in big part thanks to Wikipedia.